Here's a straight factual list of U.S presidents who used military force without first going to Congress for a declaration of war or a new AUMF Name, date(s), action. No spin. Harry S. Truman 1 950 - Entered the Korean War under UN authority, no congressional authorization Dwight D. Eisenhower 1958 - Deployed U.S. troops to Lebanon Operation Blue Bat), no Congress vote. John F. Kennedy 1961 - Bay of Pigs invasion (Cuba), covert military action, no Congress. 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis naval blockade "quarantine"), no Congress Lyndon B. Johnson 1964-1965 - Maior Vietnam War escalation under Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (not a declaration of war) Richard Nixon 1969-1973 - Cambodia and Laos bombings, expanded Vietnam War, no new authorization. Gerald Ford 1975 - Mayaquez incident (Cambodia) military rescue operation, no Congress. Ronald Reagan 1983 - Invasion of Grenada, no prior congressional approval. 1986 - Airstrikes on Libya, no Congress authorization. George H. W. Bush 1989 - Invasion of Panama, no declaration of war (authorization came after) Bill Clinton 1995 - Bosnia air campaign, NATO action, no Congress vote 1998 - Operation Desert Fox (Iraq airstrikes), no Congress 1 999 - Kosovo bombing campaign, no Congress authorization George W. Bush 2001-ongoing - Global military actions under 2001 AUMF far beyond original scope no new authorizations for expansions) Barack Obama 2011 - Libya air war, no congressional authorization. 2014-2016 - ISIS strikes in Svria, relied on 2001 AUMF Donald Trump 2017 - Svria missile strikes, no Congress authorization. 2020 - Iranian General Soleimani strike, no Congress approval Joe Biden 2021-2024 - Airstrikes in Syria, Iraq. Yemen, relied on Article I1 prior AUMFs. Bottom line (no opinion, just history • Congress has not declared war since 1941 • Presidents have bypassed Congress for military action for ~75 years • This is systemic, bipartisan, and normalized