📊 sovereign bitcoin reserves: how much BTC do nations really hold in 2025?
Roughly 463,000 BTC — or about 2.3% of Bitcoin’s total supply — is now held by sovereign governments, based on public blockchain data and legal disclosures. That’s tens of billions in digital hard money, quietly shifting from private hands to national balance sheets.
And no, this isn’t just theory anymore. We're seeing a clear geopolitical pattern: Bitcoin is no longer just a tech experiment. It’s state-owned collateral.
🇺🇸 The United States leads by example.
After years of seizing crypto from Silk Road busts, ransomware cases, and darknet operations, the U.S. government now controls nearly 200,000 BTC. In 2025, that hoard was formally unified under a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve — yes, a real designation — via executive order from President Trump. This is a departure from the auction-everything mindset of previous administrations. Now it’s part of national strategy.
🇨🇳 China’s stash is less transparent — but likely massive.
In 2019, Chinese authorities dismantled the PlusToken scam, capturing over 190,000 BTC. While the fate of that haul remains opaque, on-chain sleuths believe a significant portion remains untouched, quietly held in cold wallets controlled by state agencies. Even after banning mining and retail trading, China is still a major force in crypto geopolitics.
🌍 Other countries are accumulating — quietly.
What’s not on the front page: a handful of smaller, politically volatile nations have also begun amassing Bitcoin, either through legal holdings, stealth purchases, or state-aligned hacking operations. North Korea’s Lazarus Group, for example, is believed to have controlled 14,000 BTC at one point, selling off over $1B worth since March 2025.
We’re entering a new era of monetary competition — not just between coins, but between countries. The question isn't “Who will adopt Bitcoin?” anymore.
It’s “Who already has?”
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